Questions: International Trade Theory

Chapter 05 International Trade Theory True / False Questions 1. (p. 161) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, mercantilism advocated that countries should discourage both imports and exports. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 2. (p. 161) Free trade refers to a situation where a government attempts to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country, or what they can produce and sell to another country. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 3. (p. 61) Proposed in 1776, David Ricardo's theory was the first to explain why unrestricted free trade is beneficial to a country. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 4. (p. 161) According to Adam Smith, the invisible hand of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 5. (p. 161) Nineteenth century English economist David Ricardo popularized a laissez-fair stance of government towards trade.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 6. (p. 162) The great strength of the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin is that they identify the specific benefits of international trade. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 7. (p. 162) A country's economy would gain only if its citizens buy products that are made in that country. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 8. p. 163) During the 1980s, economist such as Paul Krugman developed what has come to be known as the new tr ade theory. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 9. (p. 164) The first theory of international trade emerged in England in the mid-16th century. Referred to as the theory of comparative advantage, its principle assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 0. (p. 164) The main tenet of mercantilism was that it was in a country's best interests to maintain a trade surplus. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 11. (p. 165) Zero-sum game refers to a situation in which an economic gain by one country results in an economic loss by another. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 12. (p. 165) A positive-sum game refers to a situation in which ma jor industrial nations can benefit even if some of them are able to benefit more than others.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 13. (p. 165) If a country is more efficient than any other country in the production of a product, it has what is known as definitive advantage in the production of that product. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 14. (p. 165) In his 1776 landmark book, â€Å"The Wealth of Nations,† Adam Smith supported the mercantilist assumption that trade is a zero-sum game. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: Absolute Advantage 15. (p. 165) According to Adam Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these for goods produced by other countries. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 16. (p. 167-168) Ricardo's theory of competitive advantage says that it is logical for a country to specialize in the production of goods that it produces most efficiently and to export goods that it produces less efficiently. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 17. (p. 170) The basic message of the theory of comparative advantage is that potential world production is greater with unrestricted free trade than it is with restricted trade. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 18. (p. 170) Smith's theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 19. (p. 70) Ricardo's theory is so powerful that it remains a major intellectual weapon for advocates of free trade. TRUE AACSB: A nalytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 20. (p. 170-171) Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Samuelson argued that contrary to the standard interpretation, in certain circumstances the theory of comparative advantage predicts that a rich country might actually be worse off by switching to a free trade regime with a poor country. TRUE AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3Topic: Comparative Advantage 21. (p. 171) Embracing a free trade regime for an advanced economy often implies that the country will produce less of some labor-intensive goods and more of some knowledge-intensive goods, TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 22. (p. 172) The comparative advantage model assumed that trade does not change a country's stock of resources or the efficiency with which it utilizes those resources. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge D ifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 23. (p. 74) A study over the 1950-1998 period revealed that countries that liberalized their trade regimes experienced, on average, increases in their annual growth rates of 15 percent compared to preliberalization times. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 24. (p. 175) Despite the short-term adjustment costs associated with adopting a free trade regime, trade would seem to produce a greater economic growth and higher living standards in the long run, just as Ricardo's theory leads us to expect. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 25. (p. 176) Factor endowments refer to the extent to which a country is endowed with such factors as land, labor, and capital. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 26. (p. 176) The He ckscher-Ohlin theory would predict that the United States should be a primary importer of capital goods. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 27. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory has been one of the least influential in international economics.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 28. (p. 176) Most economists prefer the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to Ricardo's theory because it makes fewer simplifying assumptions and it has been subjected to many empirical tests. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 29. (p. 177) Wassily Leontief's theory of the product life-cycle was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the world's new products were developed by foreign nations and sold in he U. S. market. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Diffic ulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 30. (p. 177) Vernon argued that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries is available to all income groups. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 31. (p. 178) Historically, the product life-cycle theory seems not to be an accurate explanation of international trade patterns. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 32. (p. 178) Viewed from an Asian or European perspective, Vernon's argument that most new products are developed and introduced in the United States is ethnocentric. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 33. (p. 180) The new trade theory began to emerge in the 1970s when a num ber of economists pointed out that the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 34. (p. 180) In industries where economies of scale are important, both the variety of goods that a country can produce and the scale of production are limited by the size of the market. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 35. (p. 184) In sum, Porter's argument is that the degree to which a nation is likely to achieve international success in a certain industry is a function of the combined impact of factor endowments, domestic demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and lack of domestic rivalry.FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 36. (p. 185) According to Porter, advanced factors are the most significant for competitive advantage. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 37. (p. 188) According to Michael Porter, factor endowments can be affected by subsidies, policies toward capital markets, and policies toward education. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 38. (p. 189) The individual firm should invest substantial financial resources in trying to build a first-mover, even if that means several years of losses before a new venture becomes profitable. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 39. (p. 189) Because of their pivotal role in international trade, businesses are at the mercy of government trade policy. FALSE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 40. (p. 90) According to Porter's theory of national competitive advantage, a firm should invest in upgrading advanced factors of production because it is in the best interest of business for a firm to do so. TRUE AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications Multiple Choice Questions 41. (p. 161) Which of the following is best identified by saying it is the absence of government-imposed barriers to the free flow of goods and services between countries? A. Free trade B. Mercantilism C. Socialism D. Market system AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 42. (p. 161) _____ refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. A. Mercantile trade B. Free trade C. Clear commerce D. Unen cumbered commerce AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 43. (p. 161) David Ricardo advanced the: A. new trade theory. B. product life-cycle theory. C. comparative advantage theory. D. factor endowment theory. AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 44. (p. 161) The theory of comparative advantage, advanced by _____, is the intellectual basis of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade. A. Michael Porter B. David Ricardo C. Bertil Ohlin D. Adam Smith AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 45. (p. 162) How do countries' economies gain from international trade? A. Country can specialize in the manufacturing of products that are produced most efficiently in other countries. B. Citizens should buy only those roducts that are produced domestically. C. Since it is of interest to domesti c producers, countries benefit from international trade. D. Countries can import products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 46. (p. 162) With their future threatened by imports, _____ textile companies and their employees have tried hard to persuade the government to limit the importation of textiles by demanding quotas and tariffs. A. Chinese B. Indian C. Japanese D. U. S. AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 47. (p. 162-163) Climate and natural resource endowments explain why all of the following happen EXCEPT: A. Brazil exports coffee. B. Iceland exports oranges. C. China exports crawfish. D. Saudi Arabia exports oil. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 48. (p. 164) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, _____ advocated that countries should simultaneously encourage exports and discourage imports. A. ethnocentrism B. capitalism C. collectivism D. mercantilismAACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 49. (p. 164) Which of the following statements most accurately captures the main tenet of mercantilism? A. It is in a country's best interests to not export products to less developed countries. B. It is in a country's best interests to import products that are most efficiently produced at home. C. It is in a country's best interests to import less specialized goods than to attempt to make them at home. D. It is in a country's best interests to maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it imports. AACSB: Reflective thinkingBT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 50. (p. 164) Considered to be the first theory of international trade, _____ principal assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. A. collectivism's B. mercantilism's C. capitalism's D. economic conservatism's AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 51. (p. 164) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the central beliefs of mercantilism? A. Government should intervene to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade.B. Policies should be put in place to minimize exports and maximize imports. C. Imports should be limited by tariffs and quotas. D. Exports should be subsidized. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 52. (p. 165) The flaw with mercantilism was that it viewed trade as a: A. zero-sum game. B. mutually beneficial activity. C. nonessential economic activity. D. threat to a government's independence. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 53. (p. 165) A situation in which a gain by one party r esults in a loss by nother is called: A. economic independence. B. an unrestricted trade. C. a zero-sum game. D. trade surplus. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Mercantilism 54. (p. 165) The theory of _____ was advanced by Adam Smith. A. absolute advantage B. comparative advantage C. new trade D. mercantilism AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 55. (p. 165) A country is noted as having a(n) _____ in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing that product. A. comparative advantage B. onsumer advantage C. competitive advantage D. absolute advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 56. (p. 165) According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then: A. retain these goods for strictly domestic sales. B. trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries. C. sell these goods to the highest domestic or international bidder. D. prohibit the import of these goods from other countries. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: Absolute Advantage 57. (p. 167) In his 1817 book entitled â€Å"The Principles of Political Economy,† _____ introduced the theory of comparative advantage. A. Adam Smith B. David Ricardo C. Raymond Vernon D. Max Weber AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Comparative Advantage 58. (p. 167-168) A situation in which a country specializes in producing the goods it produces most efficiently and buys the products it produces less efficiently from other countries, even if it could produce the good more efficiently itself is referred to as: A. comprehensive advantage. B. pertinent advantage.C. comparative advantage. D. absolute advantage. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowle dge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Comparative Advantage 59. (p. 170) To an even greater degree than the theory of absolute advantage, the theory of _____ suggests that trade is a positive-sum game in which all gain. A. total advantage B. mercantilism C. comparative advantage D. paradoxical advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 60. (p. 170) _____ theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade.A. Porter's B. Vernon's C. Samuelson's D. Ricardo's AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 61. (p. 170) Comparative advantage is based on assuming away: A. the effects of trade on income distribution within a country. B. constant returns to scale. C. that the resources can move freely from the production of one good to another. D. that free trade does not change the efficiency with which the co untries use their resources. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 2. (p. 170-171) _____ argued that contrary to the standard interpretation, in certain circumstances the theory of comparative advantage predicts that a rich country might actually be worse off by switching to a free trade regime with a poor nation. A. Raymond Vernon B. Andrew Warner C. Paul Samuelson D. Jeffery Sachs AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 63. (p. 171) Which of the following is an issue with the ‘constant returns to specialization' assumption? A. Constant returns to specialization imply a concave PPF. B.Constant returns to specialization suggest that the gains from specialization are likely to be exhausted before specialization is complete. C. It is feasible for a country to specialize to a point where the resulting gains from trade are outweighed by diminis hing returns. D. Resources are of different quality and hence more units are required to produce each additional unit. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 64. (p. 171) In comparative advantage, the assumption is that resources can move freely from production of one good to another.Why is this assumption unrealistic? A. The process of shifting resources from one good to another eliminates human suffering. B. The benefit of free trade is much lesser compared to the cost of shifting resources. C. The process of moving resources causes friction and human suffering. D. Resources move easily from one economic activity to the other. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 65. (p. 171) The gains from trade once the transition toward free trade has been made: A. eliminates human suffering. B. auses resources to easily shift between econ omic activities. C. is lesser than the cost of shifting resources. D. are both significant and enduring. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 66. (p. 173) What would be the consequences of dynamic gains in both the stock of a country's resources and the efficiency with which resources are utilized? A. It will cause the country's PPF to be in a bell-shaped curve. B. The country can produce more goods than it did before free trade. C. Dynamic gains would lead to an outcome that is beneficial under all circumstances.D. The country will achieve constant returns to specialization. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 67. (p. 173) What was Samuelson's criticism of free trade? A. He argued that in some circumstances, dynamic gains can lead to an outcome that is beneficial for the country. B. He argued that offshoring service jobs th at were traditionally mobile will increase the market clearing wage rate. C. He favored introducing protectionist measures to guard against the theoretical harmful effects of free trade. D.He argued that being able to purchase groceries 20 percent cheaper at Wal-Mart does not necessarily make up for the wage losses. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 68. (p. 174) _____ and _____ created a measure of how open to international trade an economy was and then looked at the relationship between openness and economic growth for a sample of more than 100 countries from 1970 to 1990. A. Ricardo; Smith B. Warner; Sachs C. Porter; Vernon D. Samuelson; Ohlin AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: EasyLearning Objective: 5-3 Topic: Comparative Advantage 69. (p. 176) According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in: A. productivity. B. political interests . C. factor endowments. D. national priorities. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 70. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory: A. argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments. B. argues that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage. C. redicts that countries will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant. D. is less favored than Ricardo's theory because it makes many simplifying assumptions. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 71. (p. 176) Which theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Smith-Ricardo B. Vernon-Samuelson C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Carrier-R oller AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 72. (p. 176) Which of the following statements is a fair comparison of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and the Ricardo theory of free trade? A. Both theories argue that the pattern of international trade is determined by currency exchange rates. B. Unlike Ricardo's theory, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments, rather than differences in productivity. C. Both theories argue that the pattern of international trade is determined by constant returns to specialization.D. Unlike the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, Ricardo's theory makes fewer simplifying assumptions. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 73. (p. 176) According to the text, most economists prefer the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to Ricardo's theory because: A. it makes fewe r simplifying assumptions. B. it predicts trade patterns with greater accuracy. C. Ricardo's theory is less accurate due to the Leontief paradox. D. many of the empirical tests have raised questions about the validity of Ricardo's theory. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: ComprehensionDifficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 74. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory has a(n) _____ appeal. A. political B. commonsense C. economic D. cost efficiency AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 75. (p. 176) Contrary to what the Heckscher-Ohlin theory would predict, the United States has been a primary importer rather than an exporter of capital goods. This phenomenon is referred to as the _____ paradox. A. Theler B. Leontief C. Cormier D. Ricardo AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 76. (p. 176) What is a possible explanation for observing the Leontief paradox? A. The U. S. imports goods that heavily use skilled labor and innovative entrepreneurship. B. The U. S. has a special advantage in producing new products made with innovative technologies. C. The U. S. exports heavy manufacturing products that use large amounts of capital. D. The U. S. has a strong absolute advantage over all other foreign nations because of its resource capabilities. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 77. (p. 76) Of the following, whose theory predicted that countries would export goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Ricardo B. Porter C. Leontief D. Heckscher-Ohlin AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 78. (p. 176) The _____ occurred due to the findings that U. S. exports were less capital- intensive than U. S. imports. A. theory of rising costs B. Leontief paradox C. theory of comparative advantage D. diminishing returns to specialization AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 79. (p. 177) David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage attempts to rationalize why some countries export automobiles, consumer electronics, and machine tools, while other countries export chemicals, watches, and jewelry. This rationalization is best explained in terms of: A. absolute advantage in terms of resources. B. international differences in labor productivity. C. the proportions in which the factors of production are available. D. the cultural histories of the exporting nations. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: ComprehensionDifficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 80. (p. 177) Raymond Vernon proposed the product life cycle in the mid-1960s. Vernon argued that two factors gave the U. S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products. These two factors were _____ and: A. low cost; number of industries. B. market size; types of competitors. C. wealth; size of the U. S. market. D. low income groups; low cost of U. S. labor. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 81. (p. 177) Vernon's product life-cycle theory was based on the observation hat for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the world's new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the _____ market. A. Japanese B. Western European C. U. S. D. Canadian AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 82. (p. 177) Vernon argues that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries: A. remains limited to high income groups. B. necessitates imports to th e U. S. C. attracts manufacturing possibilities.D. limits exports from U. S. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 83. (p. 178) As the market in the U. S. and other advanced nations matures, the product becomes more standardized and price becomes: A. governmentally regulated. B. greater. C. unimportant. D. the main competitive weapon. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 84. (p. 178) Which of the following has historically been noted as being an accurate explanation for international trade patterns?A. Product life-cycle theory B. Absolute advantage theory C. Competitive advantage theory D. Heckscher-Ohlin theory AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 85. (p. 178) According to the text, historically the product-life-cycle theory is a(n): A. relevant theory in the modern world . B. accurate explanation of international trade patterns. C. example of culturally relative theories. D. without any weakness. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 86. (p. 78) Which of the following theories might better explain why certain components are produced in certain locations and why the final product is assembled elsewhere? A. New trade B. Comparative advantage C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Product life-cycle AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 87. (p. 180) The _____ theory began to emerge in the 1970s when some economists pointed out the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. A. balanced trade B. Heckscher-Ohlin C. new trade D. product life-cycleAACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 88. (p. 180) _____ are unit cost re ductions associated with a large scale of output. A. Comparative advantages B. Factor endowments C. Economies of scale D. Diminishing returns AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 89. (p. 180) Because of substantial economies of scale, the _____ theory argues that trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers. A. comparative advantage B. product life-cycle C. new trade D. Heckscher-Ohlin AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 90. (p. 180) Which of the following theories argues that due to the presence of substantial scale economies, world demand will support only a few firms in many industries? A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. Leontief's paradox C. Product life-cycle D. New trade AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: New Trade Theory 91. (p. 180) The new trade theory points out that through its impact on economies of scale, tra de can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and: A. reduce the volume of the goods produced. B. eliminate competition.C. lower the costs of the goods. D. reduce the quality of the goods produced. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 92. (p. 180) If a national market is small, there may not be enough demand to enable producers to realize _____ for certain products. A. high volumes B. economies of scale C. low unit costs D. competitive pricing AACSB: Analytic BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 93. (p. 181) Which of the following is NOT an indicator of why trade is considered to be mutually beneficial to those involved in it?A. It allows for specialization. B. It allows for production of products at higher prices. C. It affords realization of scale economies. D. It affords production of a larger variety of products. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Dif ficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 94. (p. 181) The economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants in an industry are called: A. first-mover advantages. B. comparative advantages. C. factor endowment advantages. D. first-stage benefits. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3Topic: New Trade Theory 95. (p. 181) What of the following is an advantage that first-movers enjoy? A. Benefit from a high cost structure. B. A zero-sum game due to lack of competition. C. Capture scale economies ahead of later entrants. D. Increase trade barriers. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 96. (p. 181) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage with regard to the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate global trade in that product. A. omparative B. late entrant C. first-mover D. constant retur n AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 97. (p. 182) The new trade theory is at variance with the _____ theory, which suggests that a country will predominate in the export of a product when it is particularly well endowed with those factors used intensively in its manufacture. A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. product life-cycle C. comparative advantage D. Ricardo-Smith AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 98. (p. 83) In terms of first-mover advantages and international trade, who conducted a study suggestive of the existence of first-mover advantages as an important factor in explaining the dominance of firms from certain nations in specific industries? A. Alfred Chandler B. Michael Porter C. Adam Smith D. Hawker Siddley AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: New Trade Theory 99. (p. 183) Considered by some to be the most contentious implica tion of the new trade theory is that it generates an argument for _____ and ______. A. high cost production; high import tariffs. B. igh volume production; low variety of goods. C. weak export; entrepreneurship. D. government intervention; strategic trade policy. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: New Trade Theory 100. (p. 183) The theory of _____, developed by Michael Porter, focuses on determining why some nations succeed and others fail in international competition. A. new trade B. absolute advantage C. comparative advantage D. national competitive advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 01. (p. 183) What was the essential task of Michael Porter's national competitive advantage? A. How do nations use their resources efficiently? B. Why does a nation achieve international success in a particular industry? C. How do countries gain first-mover a dvantages? D. Why has a large proportion of the world's new products been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market? AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 102. (p. 184) Porter's suggested four attributes making up the diamond† consist of factor endowments, relating and supporting industries, firm strategy and structure, and: A. competitive advantage. B. mercantilism. C. constant returns to specialization. D. demand conditions. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 103. (p. 184) Which of the following indicate the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive? A. Factor endowments B. Firm's structure and rivalry C. Relating and supporting industriesD. Demand conditions AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Ea sy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 104. (p. 184) According to Porter's diamond, a nation's position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry is best referred to as: A. capitalization. B. diminishing returns. C. factor endowments. D. relating industries. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 105. (p. 84) Porter's thesis was that four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete, and that these attributes promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage. All of the following are attributes EXCEPT: A. factor endowments. B. first-mover advantages. C. firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. D. relating and supporting industries. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 106. (p. 184) Porter maintains that two additional variables can influence the national diamond in important ways.These two variables are _____ and ______. A. entrepreneurship, strategic trade policies. B. trade shortage, high import tariffs. C. absolute advantage; PPF. D. chance; government. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 107. (p. 185) In the context of factor endowments, which of the following are considered to be classed as advanced factors? A. Demographics B. Climate and location C. Natural resources D. Skilled labor AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 08. (p. 185) Porter argued that in terms of factor endowments, _____ factors are the most significant for competitive advantage in his study dealing with the competitive advantage of nations. A. constant B. basic C. advanced D. complement ary AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 109. (p. 185) Porter argues that a nation's firms gain competitive advantage if their domestic consumers are _____ and _______. A. sophisticated; demanding. B. ethnocentric; rich. C. accommodating; uneducated. D. low skilled; nationalist. AACSB: AnalyticBT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 110. (p. 185) Michael Porter emphasizes the role home demand plays in upgrading: A. competitive advantage. B. factor endowment. C. constant returns to specialization. D. production possibility frontier. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 111. (p. 185) Unlike the naturally endowed basic factors, advanced factors are a product of investment by all of the following EXCEPT: A. companies. B. governments. C. dem ographics.D. individuals. AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 112. (p. 187) In Porter's model of competitive advantage, the fourth broad attribute is the strategy, structure, and rivalry of firms within a nation. Porter suggested that there is a strong association between _____ and the creation and persistence of competitive advantage in an industry. A. inflation B. vigorous domestic rivalry C. new government regulations and higher taxes D. new product development AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 113. (p. 187) Who argued that successful industries within a country tend to be grouped into â€Å"clusters† of related industries? A. Porter B. Vernon C. Ricardo D. Heckscher AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 1 14. (p. 187-188) Porter argues that the presence of all components is usually required for the â€Å"diamond† to boost: A. international recognition. B. competitive performance. C. corporate social responsibility. D. employee morale. AACSB: Analytic BT: KnowledgeDifficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 115. (p. 188) We would expect Porter's model to predict _____, if he is correct. A. currency exchange rates B. membership in the WTO C. the pattern of international trade D. factor endowments AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 116. (p. 189) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage in terms of the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate global trade in that product.A. competitive B. comparative C. absolute D. first-mover AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learni ng Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 117. (p. 189) The manufacture of standard electronic components is a _____ process requiring semi-skilled labor. A. low cost B. capital-intensive C. labor-intensive D. first-mover advantage AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 118. (p. 189) Because of their pivotal role in international trade, _____ can exert a strong influence on government trade policies.A. individual citizens B. voluntary organizations C. unions D. businesses AACSB: Analytic BT: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 119. (p. 190) Porter's theory of national competitive advantage suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production. The means for accomplishing this include all of the following EXCEPT: A. increase research and development activities. B. provide better t raining for employees. C. adopt policies that eliminate competition.D. develop methods to improve the skill levels of workers. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications 120. (p. 190) According to Porter's theory, governments should be urged to _____ that will have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. A. increase trade barriers B. favor unionization C. adopt policies D. restrict import AACSB: Analytic BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications Essay Questions 121. p. 161, 164) What is meant by the term â€Å"free trade†? Was Adam Smith an advocate or critic of free trade? Is free trade compatible with the concept of mercantilism? Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and s ell to another country. This concept was supported by Adam Smith, who argued that the â€Å"invisible hand† of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports.The concept of mercantilism is not compatible with the concept of free trade. The main tenet of mercantilism is that it is in a country's best interests to maintain a trade surplus by exporting more than it imports. Consistent with this belief, the mercantilist doctrine advocated government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-1 Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory, Mercantilism 122. (p. 161) When does free trade occur?Free trade occurs when a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. AACSB: Reflective thi nking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 5-1 Topic: An Overview of Trade Theory 123. (p. 165) Describe Adam Smith's concept of absolute advantage. According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade those goods for the goods produced by other countries.For instance, during Smith's time, England had an absolute advantage in the production of textiles, and France had an absolute advantage in the production of wine. According to the concept of absolute advantage, it then only makes sense for England to produce textiles (and export them to France), and France to produce wine (and export it to England). Smith's basic argument, therefore, was that a country should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower cost from other countries.Moreover, Smith argued that by specializing in the production of goods in which each has an absolute advantage, both countries benefit by engaging in trade. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Absolute Advantage 124. (p. 176) Describe the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce.Thus, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory attempts to explain the pattern of international trade that we see in the world economy. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is consistent with the notion of free trade. It also has commonsense appeal, and there are many examples of international commerce that are supportive of the theory. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 125. (p. 177) Describe the central tenant of the product life-cycle theory. Raymond Vernon initially proposed the product life-cycle theory in t he mid-1960s.Vernon's theory was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century a very large proportion of the world's new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market. It could be produced abroad at some low-cost location and then exported back into the United States. Vernon went on to argue that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries is limited to high-income groups.The limited initial demand in other advanced countries does not make it worthwhile for firms in those countries to start producing the new product, but it does necessitate some exports from the United States to those countries. Over time, demand for the new product grows in other advanced countries (e. g. , Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan). As it does, it becomes worthwhile for foreign producers to begin producing for their home markets. AACSB: Reflective th inking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: The Product Life-Cycle Theory 126. (p. 80, 182) Describe the new trade theory. How does the new trade theory help us understand why the United States is dominant in the world market for commercial aircraft exports? New trade theory makes two important points: First, through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average costs of those goods. Second, in those industries when the output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may be able to support only a small number of enterprises.Thus, world trade in certain products may be dominated by countries whose firms were first movers in their production. In such industries, firms that enter the market first build a competitive advantage that is difficult to challenge. Thus, the observed pattern of trade between nations may in part be due to the ability of firms to capture first-mover advantages. New trade theorists argue that the United States is a major exporter of commercial jet aircraft not because it is better endowed with the factors of production required to manufacture aircraft, but because one of the first movers in the industry, Boeing, was a U. S. firm.This dominance is further reinforced because global demand may not be sufficient to profitably support another producer of midsized and large jet aircraft in the industry. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 127. (p. 181) Describe what is meant by first-mover advantages. First-mover advantages are the economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants into an industry. The ability to capture scale economies ahead of later entrants, and thus benefit from a lower cost structure, is an important first-mover advantage.New trade the ory argues that for those products where economies of scale are significant and represent a substantial proportion of world demand, the first movers in an industry can gain a scale-based cost advantage that later entrants find almost impossible to match. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-3 Topic: New Trade Theory 128. (p. 184) Identify and describe the four attributes advanced by Porter. What did Porter conclude from his analysis? The four attributes identified by Porter are as follows:Factor Endowments: A nation's position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry. Demand Conditions: The nature of home demand for the industry's product or service. Relating and Supporting Industries: The presence or absence in a nation of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry: The conditions in the nat ion governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry.Porter speaks of these four attributes as constituting the diamond. He argues that firms are most likely to succeed in industries or industry segments where the diamond is most favorable. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-2 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 129. (p. 188) How does Porter's theory predict patterns in international trade? If Porter is correct, we would expect his model to predict the pattern of international trade that we observe in the real world.Countries should be exporting products from those industries where all four components of the diamond are favorable, while importing in those areas where the components are not favorable. Is he correct? We simply do not know. Porter's theory has not been subjected to detailed empirical testing. Much about the theory rings true, but the same can be said for the new trade theory, the theory of comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It may be that each of these theories, which complement each other, explains something about the pattern of international trade.AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-4 Topic: National Competitive Advantage: Porter's Diamond 130. (p. 190) What does Porter's theory mention about policy implications? Porter's theory of national competitive advantage also contains policy implications. Porter's theory suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production; for example, to invest in better training for its employees and to increase its commitment to research and development.It is also in the best interests of business to lobby the government to adopt policies that have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. Thus, according to Porter, businesses should urge government to increase investment in education, infrastructure, and basic research and to adopt policies that promote strong competition within domestic markets. AACSB: Reflective thinking BT: Comprehension Difficulty: Medium Learning Objective: 5-5 Topic: Focus on Managerial Implications

Nursing Care Plan and Specimens Essay

Quality is a broad term that encompasses various aspects of nursing care (Montolvo, 2007). The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators [NDNQI] is the only national nursing database that provides quarterly and annual reporting of structure, process, and outcome indicators to evaluate nursing care at the unit level (Montolvo, 2007). Nursing’s foundational principles and guidelines identify that as a profession, nursing has a responsibility to measure, evaluate, and improve practice (Montolvo, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the ‘mislabeled specimen’ indicator for an inpatient rehab unit and devise an action plan based on best practices to decrease the incidence of mislabeled specimens. Analysis of the data According to Dock, (2005) accurate specimen identification is a challenge in all hospitals and medical facilities. Ensuring that specimens are correctly identified at the point of collection is essential for accurate diagnostic information (Dock, 2005). A mislabeled specimen can lead to devastating consequences for a patient (Dock, 2005). Specimen misidentification can be serious, resulting in misdiagnosis and mistreatment (Dock, 2005). For the second quarter of FY09, the rehab unit met their target of zero mislabeled specimens. The third quarter yielded two actual mislabeled specimens with a variance of two. The fourth quarter actual was one with a variance of one. The first quarter FY10 showed an actual of one and variance of one. For the FY09 the rehab had a total of four mislabeled specimens. This indicator was chosen because of the magnitude of this medical error. Nurses, administrators and laboratory personnel must collaborate and create ways to decrease the mislabeling of spec imens. Nursing plan Nursing interventions to decrease the number of mislabeled specimens and improve actual indicator scores are: 1) Ensuring proper identification of patient 2) The use of electronic technology and 3) Bedside labeling. Each of these interventions will positively impact patient outcomes and reduce errors. According to The Joint Commission [TJC], proper patient identification is best practice for decreasing mislabeled specimens (The Joint Commission as cited by Sims, 2010). National Patient Safety Goal [NPSG], 01.01.01 states that healthcare providers should use at least two identifiers to identify patients. For example, the patient’s full name and date of birth is used to properly identify a patient (The Joint Commission, 2014). According to Kim et al., (2013), developing a standardized specimen handling system has the potential to reduce errors. Figure 1. Steps to properly identifying a patient for specimen collection. Figure 1. Essential specimen handling steps. Blue items are physician-specific responsibilities; pink items are nursing staff-specific responsibilities. Adapted from â€Å"Standardized Patient Identification and Specimen Labeling: A Retrospective Analysis on Improving Patient Safety,† by Kim JK; Dotson B; Thomas S; Nelson KC; Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2013 Jan; 68 (1): 53-6. The strongest intervention to reduce labeling errors is the addition of barcode technology (Brown, Smith & Sherfy, 2011). The use of automated patient identification and specimen collection techniques can be an additional safety net for routines that are vulnerable to error, especially when coupled with strong systems designs (Brown et al., 2011). Brown et al (2011), found that the clinical applications of electronic and information technology support can assist in the identification, control, and reduction of error rates throughout the process. According to the World Health Organization [WHO] healthcare providers should encourage the labeling containers used for blood and other specimens in the presence of the patient (World Health Organization, 2007). This would suggest labeling specimens at the patient’s bedside or before leaving the room. Nurses should never label specimens before collection as this could lead to serious errors. Summary In summary, NDNQI indicators serve as a schoolmaster that holds nursing accountable to practice. An analysis of ‘mislabeled specimens’, found that an inpatient unit had a total of four incidents for FY09. While this does not seem like a great deal of errors, any one error could have detrimental consequences. The plan of action based on best practices is to properly identify the patient, using electronic technology, and labeling specimens at the bedside. References Brown, J.E., Smith, N., Sherfy, B.R., (2011). Decreasing mislabeled laboratory specimens using barcode technology and bedside printers. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, (26)1, 13-21. Retrieved from http://sfxhosted.exlibrisgroup.com/waldenu?genre=article&issn=10573631&title=Journal%20of%20Nursing%20Care%20Quality&volume=26&issue=1&date=201101 Dock, B. (2005). Improving the accuracy of specimen labeling. Clinical Laboratory Science, 18(4), 210-2. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/204803914?accountid=14872 Kim J.K., Dotson B; Thomas S; Nelson KC; Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 2013 Jan; 68 (1): 53-6. Retrieved from ent%20identification%20and%20specimen%20labeling%3A%20A%20retrospective%20analysis%20on%20improving%20patient%20safety.&spage=53&sid=EBSCO:rzh&pid= Montalvo, I. (2007). The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI). Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing, 12(3). Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=50&sid=909dc60d-9c0d-474c-a02e-2e8f9df097e1%40sessionmgr4003&hid=4104&bdata Sims, M. (2010). The Joint Commission clarifies key compliance issues. MLO: Medical Laboratory Observer, 42(4), 72. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=54&sid=909dc60d-9c0d-474c-a02e-2e8f9df097e1%40sessionmgr4003&hid=4104 The Joint Commission, (2014). National patient safety goals. Retrieved from http://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/6/2014_HAP_NPSG_E.pdf World Health Organization. (2007). Patient safety solutions. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/patientsafety/solutions/patientsafety/PS-Solution2.pdf

Hierarchical Database Models Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hierarchical Database Models - Research Paper Example Along with this the data related to the children of an employee would be considered as child data segment. These segments would be linked with the employee record on the basis of 1:n mapping. Further collective instances of records are like tables in relational model. This arrangement contains parent records or nodes which further linked with children data segments, row wise. The popularity of hierarchical databases was established in late 1960s. Network Database Model In the network database model it is allowed to create parent-child relationship on many to many basis. This model follows the organization of graph in which there can be multiple interconnection of a node with other nodes. A conference named CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Language) was held in 1971 to formally state the properties of network database model. This data model gained a side by side popularity along with the hierarchical model almost. The concept of set is the basic construct in this model. A set compr ises of three components namely, owner type record, name and member type record. A member type record is allowed to be associated with multiple sets. This enables the implementation of more the concept of more than one parents. In this database model the network of records’ relationships is indicated through pairwise sets. Relational Model The relational database model is the basis of Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). The theory and concept of relational model was given by a statistician named E.F. Codd. At the core of the relational model lies the process of normalization. There are more than 5 levels of normalization but usually a 3 levels normalized database is considered as a relational database. The basic procedure comprises of the following steps: Gathering related data in a tabular manner as a flat file. Each row has to represent a unique record. Identification of separate columns and fields to manage data properly. Splitting the flat file into multiple ta bles in order to curb redundancy. Establishment of relationship by declaring and link primary and foreign keys. Enforcement of referential integrity constraints is the part of relationship establishment. There are certain properties of Relational Database Tables which are as follows, Atomic values (the values listed under a single field cannot be decomposed further) Unique records (The data in a rows represents a unique instance of an entity and duplication is not allowed). Homogenous field data (The type of data listed under a field is always same). The columns can be arranged in any manner. Same rule goes with the rows. The results of queries do not get effected due to the any sequential arrangements of either columns or rows. The label of each field is always unique. This assures correct referral of fields in queries. Fields can be set as keys to identify records uniquely. A key may also be composed of more than one field. There are three types of relationships namely One to One, One to Many and Many to Many. The Many to Many relationship is implemented via two decomposed One to many relationships with an intermediate joining table. One to Many relationships are usually represented through the association of two related tables connected in a Master/Transaction fashion. Collective and comprehensive results can be acquired against the queries performed on joined tables (multiple connected tables). The key in a table (Master table) is referred to as

Change, School Reform And Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Change, School Reform And Curriculum - Essay Example I realized that everyone can â€Å"[get] an 'A'† and â€Å"a week later [not] even remember what the course is about† (Chomsky, 2002). And when students who appear to be failing or struggling get bad grades, the question always is: Would they have failed no matter what (in which case, they were in the wrong class or expectations were unrealistic), or did they fail because the material failed to be interesting? Approaches to curriculum design and reform must always take into account students' real, lived experiences and their networks of actual interests and beliefs to be effective. Education has to make itself relevant for students. This is especially true for curriculum reform for special education students in the field of language arts in middle school: Techniques have to be calibrated to their realistic ability levels and actual interests. A philosophy I adopt as a rubric or general organizing principle, culled from the Deweyan literature, is essentially, â€Å"You don't know if you try†. When any student arrives in any classroom, it is almost impossible to predict, even with all the knowledge about their educational background and relevant family and personal background (which is never available to teachers in toto anyways), how they might do and what they might like about the class. Institutions can either choose to err on the side of optimism, knowing in advance they will waste some resources on students not ready for, not interested in or not capable of handling the material; or they can err on the side of pessimism, knowing in advance that they will waste opportunity and potential. The cost of the latter is too high to imagine. Limited curricula that underestimate the abilities of some students, then, should be rejected. One of the most major questions for educational advocates as regards middle school Special Education students is whether and how much they are included in regular class. It is virtually impossible to tell if this po licy should be adopted in general: â€Å"Current legislation supports the concept of including students with disabilities in the general education classroom but leaves many wondering, 'Is this approach working?' Determining the effectiveness of this practice is a task not easily accomplished. The term...is not found in any law and is used inconsistently..Inclusive programs differ greatly from district to district... [A]mount and nature of support provided to the regular classroom teacher differ dramatically from district to district† (Hines, 2001). In general, the primary justification for this reform approach is one of justice. Disability students should be in classes with their able-bodied peers: It's a form of de jure segregation based on ability status if they're not. Legislators have embraced this reform influence whole-heartedly, which is a positive change from prior, less progressive views of students in general and Special Education students in particular. While this is a wonderful principle, and erring on the side of more inclusion and more optimism that they can participate meaningfully in the process given a chance is always good, the fact is that the analogy between racism and disability status is a poor one. Students with learning, mental, physical or educational disabilities have innate, not just social, roadblocks to academic success. Treating them exactly like their able-bodied peers is just as inappropriate as treating black or Latina/o students identically to white students with no

Revising E-mails and Podcasts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Revising E-mails and Podcasts - Essay Example There have been many famous authors on this podcast like Joe Abercrombie  and Kristian Nairn  . I have been a great fan of your podcast Sword and laser as it is the cardinal tool in my learning of science fiction and fantasy literature but there are some improvements which can elevate the performance of your podcast; I sincerely recommend the following with kind suggestions. The first thing which should be diminished from the podcast is the reading session that is provided to the audience in which they read and then the review is started in order to inculcate the audience on the board to have their interest but the situation is different than the perception. The audience should be shown a short video summarizing the theme of the book or the hosts themselves should summarize the theme of the book for the audience and it will be enough to give them a touch about the book that is going to be reviewed and the show time will be saved in this way. The interest of the audience will also be developed because many people are only interested in the salient details of the book, not the in depth study. The podcast will become more interesting and to the point by adapting this improvement and more time can be spent on the review and analysis of the book. The other improvement which is needed in the podcast is the active participation of audience. People cannot ask the questions to the authors and just listen to them whereas in order to sustain the interest and interaction of the podcast, it is really necessary that the audience can pose questions to the writrs. The podcast allows the questions to the authors only from the active members. The third improvement is the types of questions which the hosts ask. Many a times, they asked irrelevant questions and the author of the book seemed to be frustrated. The hosts should be instructed to focus the questions on the topic (52 Podcasts, 2013). I went back

It is a fundamental principle of English Law that the courts will not Essay

It is a fundamental principle of English Law that the courts will not enforce an illegal contract. Explain the law in this area - Essay Example Acceptance, on the other hand, is the agreement to the terms of an offer that transforms the offer into a legally binding contract. Acceptance involves an action on the part of the offeree. It is vital to emphasise that minors and mentally disordered people lack the capacity to enter into a legally binding agreement. Although a contract exists in many different forms, there are also some illegal contracts. These illegal contracts are those to which the principle applies. This may occur where the law forbids the contract, or where there is a violation of public policy at common law where the contract is for an illegal purpose (The Law Commission 2011). With the English law in place, the courts are not supposed to enforce any contract that is contrary to the policy of the law. The reasons for this are that the performance of a contract, as stated earlier, does not involve the breaking of a legal provision and it is not essentially a good reason for regarding the contract as invalid. Ad ditionally, there are cases where a contract does not involve the breach of any specific legal provision. The aim of the legal restrictions on contracts is varied. It is at times aimed at protecting the weaker parties against exploitation from the stronger parties. This leads to a commonality in force that is laid out to both parties (Youngs 1998, p. 378). Illegal contracts are defined as contracts or agreements that are prohibited or forbidden by a statute or illegal at common law based on the public policy (Haigh 2004, p. 158). Pritchard and Hinds (2008, p. 1) define an illegal contract as one which is based on or entails criminal wrongdoing. For instance, in the United Kingdom (UK), gaming contracts (contracts created in respect to gambling) cannot be enforced. Another important class of illegal contracts are those contracts or agreements which can be defined as unconscionable or unfair in relation to the legislation of the nation, i.e. the laws that govern the contract. For inst ance, in UK employment contracts, parties may not eliminate liability for severe injury (Haigh 2004, p. 158). In addition, the majority of employment contracts implying illegality entail schemes to defraud Inland Revenue or workers who lack the rights to work in the United Kingdom (Pritchard & Hinds 2008, p. 1). Performance of Contracts The common rule is that a party must execute what they undertook to attain the contract. However, the contracts can vary based on the mutual agreement. Alternatively, where an entity approves an appeal of the other entity, that second entity is said to have waived their right to demand performance in a way that was originally agreed. The entities are then put within the terms of the waiver, and there is the absence of consideration to support it (Haigh 2004, p. 158). Illegal Contracts It is important to state that illegality is the most puzzling area in the law of contract, and this is attributed to the fact that it lacks structure. Some authors have indicated that the law in this section is full of contradictions and altogether unsatisfactory. As aforementioned, there are contracts rendered illegal by the common law or a statute. A contract can be expressly prohibited by a statutory provision. Certain contracts or agreements are rendered illegal at common law based on the fact they would be harmful or dangerous to the society and thus contrary to public policy. The following are some of the contracts that are rendered ille

The session of learning the digital content Essay

The session of learning the digital content - Essay Example The best part of this class was that I got to learn the usage of Google docs with the coworkers and students. Part of the studies also contained the lessons regarding proper usage of software like Skype and PBLs/Podcasting. I was provided with the strong basic and essential knowledge about the strengths and weakness of this software. We learnt their everyday application, in both personal and professional contexts. This learning, particularly, proved to be very beneficial for us as we had to use such parts of the information system for our routine communications as well. Then, the studying and understanding regarding the use of content specific software and screen capturing through Voki opened our minds to the entirely new world of IT advantages and benefits. With each passing session, I kept on learning more and more about the computer sciences which have been introduced for the ease and benefits of the mankind. Learning Wikis was also a major part of our course during the semester. We learnt the application and benefits of all the elements of Wikis and had also developed an extensive lesson plan on it. Using Wiki spaces opened another broader era of knowledge for our minds through the course of computer sciences. We prepared lesson plans by including the application, which was extremely content specific and collaborative in every aspect. This lesson plan was made at the end of many sessions and classes and it served the purpose of depicting our understanding of the content that we were taught in the class.

Financial Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Plan - Case Study Example The following three partners and their responsibilities are - CEO - Miss Josefa Calfoforo; responsibility includes: Managing customer database Contacting and dealing with client Financial aspect of the business, such as: budgets, profit & loss statement etc. Finalizes fix cost Co-operate with Chief Sales Executive and Chief Designer Chief Sales Executive - Miss Elizabeth Carter; responsibility includes: Generating sales through marketing and sales campaign In charge of orders Public Relation Chief Designer - Miss Yu-Een Eav; responsibility includes: Programming website Designing of diaries Source materials from suppliers Manufacturer Updating technology Also, two employees are to be inducted for the day to day operations of the business in the first year. Performance Monitoring of Plan edesignerdiary will measure performance by looking at number of units (diary) sold in a month. edesignerdiary will measure the satisfaction of the e-commerce business operation by conducting online surveys after each purchase. edesignerdiary will measure quality of diary against competitors every 6months. Critical Success factors Offer a clear description of the goods on offer Provide a total price for the goods (including any taxes payable and freight cost) Have a refund and return policy Clearly explain how privacy issues will be handled Customers acceptance of privacy issues Have reliability, trust or privacy seals Have clear delivery dates Customers who make a purchase from another electronic site or mail house do so without physically, seeing or touching the product they are buying. Therefore customers will be more likely to purchase items from electronic retailers who adopt these critical success factors as a minimum. Time required for raising...A total of $30,000 is personal investment. According to the Rate if Return on Owners Investment Ratio each partner will individually receive 3.59% return in 2006, 2.44% return in 2007 and 8.64% in 2008. Finance options which the partners have already decided to adopt is the government grant for small business and the Export Market Development Grant. Combined the business will be able to receive finances of up to $15,000 Customers who make a purchase from another electronic site or mail house do so without physically, seeing or touching the product they are buying. Therefore customers will be more likely to purchase items from electronic retailers who adopt these critical success factors as a minimum. Establishing and operating edesignerdiary is a great personal and financial investment however, accidents and problems do arise; these can be minimized by taking out insurance. The business has decided to get insurance through Allianz as they are able to tailor the insurance policy to meet business requirements. edesignerdiary differentiates its custom diary making through strategic edge such as gathering information from the individual to compose a custom made diary that contains special features selected by the individual. Hence it is a hand made diary that is of high quality produced in Melbourne - Australia. Edesignerdiary will win by having a unique

Virtual Cemetery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Virtual Cemetery - Essay Example It is clear that members of the family were buried at a common ground. In addition, the graves of the people that belonged to a given family preferred to design their graves using the same materials, same shape, same size and the same design, it shows the commonness among the people of the family and their uniformity. This in most cases acted as a form of identity to a certain family. For instance, the Comings family that consisted of Lydia, Benjamin, Samuel and Josiah, all had identical graves. This shows the preference of a given family having identical graves. Hereunder is the clear data about the people, their ages, sex, date of death, the type of grave one was buried in, material used to make the graves, design of the grave, the condition of the grave, and the size of the grave and little in formation of concern (Dethlefsen and Deetz 1996). Gravestone design Shape Size Material Condition Design Biography Demography Gravestone design Surname First name(s) Sex Birth Date Death dat e Age Type Shape Size Material Condition Design Comment Hallet Warren M 1791 8th Feb 1811 20 H D S Tall Slate G U & W Hamblen Cornelius M 1752 30th May 1811 59 H D S Tall Sandstone F U & W Howes Ebenezer M 1737 20th Feb 1811 74 Ob SDWC Tall slate P U & W Lombard Caleb M 1736 14th Dec 1811 75 H D Tall marble P U & W Rich Rabeccca F 1742 18th Oct.1811 69 M DISC Tall Marble F M Bangs Benjamin M 1758 9th March 1814 56 Ob D Tall granite F U & W Gray Elizabeth F 1774 16th May 1814 40 H GDWC Short Slate E U & W Hamblen Ruth F 1755 20th Sep 1814 59 H DISC Tall Marble P Ch Knowles Elizabeth F 1738 29th June 1815 77 M DISC Tall Sandstone P Ch Rich Isaac M 1756 29th June 1815 59 P D Short Slate F U & W Atkins Silas M 1742 17th April 1816 84 M D S Short Slate F U & W Burges Thomas M 1748 11th Feb 1816 68 M D S Tall Slate G P Higgins Joseph M 1771 2Oth Nov.1816 45 Ob S D Tall Sandstone P U & W Snow Tamsin M 1811 11th April 1816 5 H D Tall Sandstone G M Collins Marcey M 1814 15th May 1817 3 H SDW C Tall Sandstone G U & W Collins Mary F 1794 20th Oct.1817 23 P GDWC Short granite P U & W Gross Thomas M 1740 17th May 1817 77 P Rectangular Tall granite F R Snow Mary F 1793 9th sept 1817 24 H SDWC Tall Sandstone F M Stevens Levi M 1747 16th March 1829 82 H S D Tall Granite G P Sears Elizabeth F 1782 24th Aug 1829 47 H S D Tall granite P U & W Comings Samuel M 1807 July 1829 22 H S D Tall granite p U & W Comings Benjamin M 1817 1839 22 H S D Tall granite p U & W Comings Josiah M 1810 1810 0.33 H S D Tall granite P U & W Comings Lydiah F 1826 1826 0.08 H S D Tall granite P U & W Damon Judy f 1750 19th Nov 1828 78 H S D Tall granite P U & W Coan Betsy f 1794 12th Dec 1821 27 P Rectangular Tall marble F Ch Hallet Charles m 1751 15 Nov 1821 70 Ob DISC Tall granite F U & W Hallet Elizabeth f 1732 9th March1821 89 H S D Tall granite F U & W Smith John C m 1783 4th Oct.1811 28 H S D Tall Marble F U & W Rider Ruth f 1791 6th Sep.1812 21 Ob Round Gothic arc Tall Granite p P Hall Bethiah f 1763 27th Sep 1813 50 H Rectangular Tall Sandstone p M Gray Elizabeth f 1774 16th May 1814 40 Oth Sharp Gothic arc Tall Sandstone f M The grave forms a sharp arch at the top and its tall. Rich Richard m 1739 1813 74 H S D Tall Sandstone f M Bangs Benjamin m 1758 1814 56 Ob Gothic discoid with caps Tall Sandstone f M Knowles Elizabeth f 1738 1815 77 Ob Gothic discoid

The discussion on austerity measures Assignment

The discussion on austerity measures - Assignment Example However, consistently high government deficit can be detrimental for the economy in the short run owing to the fact that the government will have to borrow in order to finance government deficit. (Nellis & Parker, 1996). There are two methods through which the government can actually finance its deficit i.e. it can either impose more taxes or have to borrow domestically or from the international organizations such as IMF and World Bank. Similarly having the higher government debt would ultimately put pressure on the government because most of the government revenue would go towards the servicing of the debt. Further, a higher quantum of government debt creates crowding out effect thus reducing the amount of credit available for the private sector. The lack of credit available to the private sector will therefore ultimately increase the interest rates in the economy and therefore invariably affecting the level of investment into the economy. The lack of investment therefore can furthe r result into the lack of capital formation and the economy may not be able to grow according to the estimates. The above laws therefore are critical owing to the fact that they outline the maximum limits to which economic variables such as government debt as well as the deficit can relate to the gross domestic product. Keeping both these economic variables therefore within a certain range will allow the governments to keep the detrimental affects of these economic variables under control. Data published recently indicate that the government deficit as a percentage of the GDP in EU area is 6.3% whereas the government debt is almost 80% of the GDP1. Countries with largest government deficits included Greece, Ireland, UK, Spain and almost all other major economies of the EU. Countries like Ireland and Greece received support from the EU whereas there is growing discussion about the Spain’s ability to repay its sovereign debt owing to higher government debt. Further, UK has init iated austerity measures in order to control the government expenditure so that the government debt can be rationalized. UK’s government deficit in almost 11.5% suggesting that the economy may not be in good shape and there is a greater need to implement economic strategies which can actually allow the country to remain within economic soundness. The higher ratios of the government debt as well as the government deficit therefore may suggest that the economies may require external support in order to keep themselves solvent. Thus the rules outlined clearly provide the best estimates for the countries to keep their debt and deficit within certain percentage to avoid such economic issues. 2) The circular flow of income suggests that there are three players in the economy i.e. the households, firms and the government. The national income which is generated in the economy therefore is generated with the interaction of these three economic entities. The exact relationship between these components therefore can be described in following equation: Y= AD= C + I + G The above relationship assumes that there is no external trade with other countries. However, if we introduce the trade with the external world, the above relationship will be : Y = AD= C+I+G+X X= Total exports – Total Imports The components of aggregate demand include the consumption, investment, government expenditure assuming that there is no foreign trade. The circular flow of income therefore suggests that the goods and services produced by the firms are consumed by

United States War Against Iraq in 2003 Essay Example for Free

United States War Against Iraq in 2003 Essay The debate on the rationality behind the justification of the United States war against Iraq in 2003 calls various levels of analysis. The same debate has been viewed by various human activists at different scopes of understanding. At one level, a portion of them argues that it was unjustified when arguing under the autonomy of the civilian population and other members of the armed forces who were killed and injured in the process. As a requirement of any war attack, the human rights commission requires that the civilian population should be separated from the armed forces. They and their property should not be an object of attack. On the other point of view of human activists, the U. S attack in Iraq was a fundamental step towards liberating the country and the world in general from the dictatorship rule of Saddam Hussein. However, the debate implication would only be valid on weighing out the strengths of the two opposing sides. (http://www. globalpolicy. org/security/issues/iraq/attackindex. htm) Broadly, the justification of the war is cordial towards parameters of safeguarding humanity when our argument is based on essence and intention of the war. Unlike how many people, states and organizations percept, this was not an exercise towards elaborating to the global community the powers that were held by U. S over the global community. However, a counteractive and an opposing argument to what is conceived in the minds of such persons would be used to describe analyze who Saddam was under the context of global peace and harmony. Generally, the historical background of Saddam’s dictatorship has its roots since many years ago. Through the historical background of his dictatorial leadership, it would be logical to relate adequately and strike a balance between the effects of the U. S attack and the relative effects of Saddam to the world at large. On grounds of human rationality however, it could be argued that the invasion was a crucial modality towards restituting the Iraq state and the contemporary world of their democracy and liberty that had been intercepted by Saddam. He could have been argued as an icon behind the compromise of the global peace. Though the basic intention behind the invasion was to get Saddam out of power, the same scenario went ahead to compromising the civilian population rights through death and mass destruction of both private and public property. However, every threshold of such destruction and the relative destruction that had been done by Saddam should be weighed on a balance of which was more effecting. Generally, the mass killing by Saddam since his invasion on Kuwait coupled with other dictatorial killings in Iraq however out weighs the impact of the U. S invasion on Iraq in 2003. Few worlds and descriptions can be made on Saddam. Perhaps, we could say that he was brutal, dictatorial and a murderer who required any method of forcing him out of his power. However, since he had denied stepping down of his leadership, the only rational implement that could have restituted the contemporary world against Saddam’s dictatorial power was through invasion by United States. (http://www. globalpolicy. org/security/issues/iraq/attackindex. htm) It goes without saying that the massive genocide that was waged by Saddam would only been provided with amnesty through bringing justice into book. However, we are left to wonder on the exact scope of justified restitution which would have compensated humanity the negative effects characterized by merciless killings, genocides and war attacks by Saddam. On and above t5his, we should not forget about the weapons of mass destruction which included nuclear weapons that were in possession and manufacturing by Saddam. Rationally therefore, this invasion was an important step towards providing democratic amnesty to the global community that had been compromised by Saddam’s leadership. Both Iraq and the world in general were in fear of Saddam’s authorities. Great attribute should thus go to the United states in its provision of a benchmark towards contemporary democracy to the world. The effects of the invasion were far below the negative consequences of mass killing that had been caused by Saddam. Reference War Against Iraq: U. N Security Council. Retrieved on 15th May 2008 from http://www. globalpolicy. org/security/issues/iraq/attackindex. htm

Thomas Hardys Essay Example for Free

Thomas Hardys Essay In chapter 6, we learn that Bathsheba has inherited her uncles farm, which was very unusual, Tisnt a master, tis a mistress, shepherd. Lately came here from a distance. Took on her uncles farm, who suddenly died. Men would normally benefit rather than a women, and landowners and workers did not view her as the best prospect for the farm to begin with, one of the reasons given in chapter 45 was, she is too young and beautiful. Even Gabriel felt she was unable to manage without him, How would the farm go on with nobody to mind it but a woman. In chapter 10, she forms a resolution to run the farm without a bailiff, the workers were very amazed, She would hopefully be better than a man in the role, she promised, in order that they will have confidence in her abilities despite her being a female. In chapter 12, Bathsheba attends the corn market. Although she is dainlty dressed she is determined to brave the stares and drive hard bargains. Nearly every face turned towards her, except for which she noticed was Boldwood who didnt seem to recognize her. Now she saw him as a challenge. Going into chapter 19, Boldwoods proposal and the promises he offers would have been seen as very advantageous to her, from the view point of the society, but she turns him down, saying she wants to marry for love. However, sending the Valentine card to him has restricted her, she has had to pay the consequences and could not have turned down the proposal fully as she did with Gabriel, She had a strong feeling that having been the one who began the game, she ought in honesty to accept the consequences. There had been a second proposal from Boldwood in chapter 23, and still Bathsheba was unable to deny the proposal, Hardy even suggests she felt a, fearful joy about the situation she was in. From then on she is trapped by her behaviour, even when she marries Troy, and when he goes missing Boldwood negotiates a further marriage promise. In chapter 26, Troy is flattering Bathsheba so much that, she becomes feverish. At first she tries to behave towards Troy with a sense of independence in her, but to the end of chapter 27 she is agreeing to meet him without a chaperone, Well, I wont bring Liddy and Ill come. But only for a short time, a very short time. Bathsheba is reacting very differently to the passion offered by Troy. Bathsheba changes she becomes powerless to withstand or deny him. She loses her sense of control and becomes the opposite of herself. In chapter 34, Boldwood pleads with Troy to save Bathshebas reputation by marrying her, which indicates how much regard the Victorian society put on a womans reputation as a virgin, Oh, How can she be saved now, unless I marry her? says as he teases Boldwood. Later, we learn that Bathsheba has married Troy. In this marriage she has lost her role as a mistress of the farm. After the marriage Troy has already started ordering Bathsheba by telling her and the rest of the women to go home so the men can carry on drinking, well send the women folk home! Tis time they were in bed. Then we cockbirds will have a jolly carouse to ourselves! . This direction undermines Bathsheba in front of her workers, but it also puts the farm in jeopardy because the workers are too drunk to save the hay from the storm. In chapter 37 we find that Gabriel is working with Bathsheba and he saves the day. Bathsheba tells Gabriel of her trip to Bath, she shows her understanding that maybe she has out the farm in jeopardy by marrying Troy but she felt her reputation was at stake because she had not adhered to the general rule of society but had driven to see Troy unaccompanied late at night: I saw that a scandal might seize hold of me for meeting him alone in that way. Now, Bathsheba is getting unhappier by the day. She turns into an emotional woman and she is no longer in control of herself. Having married Troy, Troy is becoming reckless with money and Bathsheba can do nothing to stop him becoming like this. This happens because in marriage in the 19th century the husband becomes in control of his wife and his wifes possession. In chapter 51 Bathsheba is not wanting to attract anyones attention with her beauty. In chapter 56, Hardy suggests that Bathsheba has had this downfall because she had so much pride and vanity in herself. Chapter 56 also starts with Bathsheba expressing the reliance she has had on Gabriel, and so she is upset when she hears of Gabriels resignation letter, It is that I may soon have to give up the management of your farm, Mrs. Troy. The fact is, I am thinking of leaving England not ee, you know next spring. Realising that she is now reliant on Gabriel she would not refuse his marriage proposal if he were to ask again. Hardy shows that just like Fanny, Bathsheba is also reliant on the security a man can offer her and she comes to realize that this security only comes with marriage. Bathsheba has taken on the role of the typical Victorian female, dependant on marriage for security, although the relationship is based on substantial affection. In Far from the Madding Crowd Hardy illustrates the position of 19th century women as being disadvantaged. Fanny and Bathsheba both provide contrasting examples of Victorian women who were victims of the treatment of their men. In their lives they are seen in the role of second-class citizens in need of a trustworthy man for survival, unless they can survive themselves. Womens social behaviour was expected to be restricted whereas men could have very little restrictions on how they behaved. They were even admired for some of their roguish tendencies. Hardys language as he describes Fannys plight expresses his sympathy for her, but Bathshebas suffering is not dealt with in the same sympathetic response. Her character, which was independent, has changed at the end of the novel. She appeared a more reserved character accepting the role of Gabriels wife. I think that Bathsheba had wrong treatment from men as a result the way she acted, having so much pride in herself and being vain. It was good for her to have that independence in her but maybe she felt too much of her independence, which got her in a muddle. The classic example is when in the beginning of the novel Gabriel proposed to her and she did not accept, because she did not want to be thought of as mens property, yet in marrying Troy she destined herself to this very fate.

Leadership Styles Of Harley Davidson Management Essay

Leadership Styles Of Harley Davidson Management Essay Introduction: This case study is about Harley-Davidson a prestigious American Motorcycle manufacturer situated at Milwaukee U.S.A, with a full year 2009 revenue of $4.29 billion and income of $70.6 million from continuing operations. (Press release www.harley-davidson.com) This analysis has its focus on a brief history of H-D, which includes the manufacturing issues and the problems it had, the various strategic changes made by H-D in the manufacturing process to achieve its goals. The implementation of JIT and its effect on the plant and the product, the Supplier development, Supplier relationship and the efforts towards Supply Chain Management. It also includes the Risks, costs and benefits of Supplier development, the Key learning which we take away from the case study and lastly it concludes with the future trends in SCM. A brief History: In 1970s heavy weight motorcycle market was in the hands of H-D. The Corporate parent AMF wanted to take advantage of this market dominance by production of more bikes at a faster rate.In the process they lost the focus on Quality and Supply Chain Management. In 1974 the quality of the product was at its bottom. Harley-Davidson needed a desperate change to overcome these issues, in 1981, a group of local management was put together to rebuilt the company. Key theories, Strategic changes and Implementation at H-D: 1. Inventory, Inventory Turns and Cash Flow: A downfall in sales due to the quality problems increased their inventory level to $24 million. H-D worked on Inventory Management. Inventory Turns The number of times a company rolls over its inventory per year is defined as its Inventory Turns. Calculation: Most commonly used method is to divide the annual sales of the company per year by the average inventory level maintained per year. For example, if the average sales of a company is $2,000,000 per year and the average inventory maintained for a year is say $50,000 than the inventory turns for that particular company is 8 ( ref. Supply chain metrics.com) The increase in the Inventory Turns of a company, generates more free cash flow. Free cash flow is an asset, as it can be used for other advantages rather than blocking the money in Inventory Stock. (Ref.Marie Leone CFO.com, Supply chain metrics.com) At H-D an inventory turns of 4.5/year was increased up to a level of 28.Consequently the inventory came down to $4 million. 2. Shift of manufacturing strategy from Push to Pull and JIT: PUSH and PULL PUSH is the traditional style of manufacturing in which a product is manufactured irrespective of its demand. The process then Pushs to the next step. It may be the selling of the product. This leads to unnecessary inventory, over stock because the production goes on without the actual demand of the product. PULL is the lean style of manufacturing in which a product is manufactured on demand. If there is no demand, there would be no production. This saves money as unnecessary production is avoided. Lesser inventory is maintained because what is produced is consumed. The customer will PULL the product from the manufacturing facility.Manufacturing facility is in tune with the market dynamics. (Ref.leanmanufacturingconcepts.com) Lean Thinking is an articulation of the core principles behind the Toyota Production System (TPS), acknowledged to be the most efficient in the world today. (Manufacturing Operations and Supply Chain Management the LEAN approach David Taylor and David Brunt) Just in Time Manufacturing (JIT) Just in Time Manufacturing Just in Time (JIT) manufacturing is a Japanese management philosophy applied in manufacturing which involves having the right items of the right quality and quantity in the right place and at the right time. The proper use of JIT manufacturing has resulted in increases in quality, productivity and efficiency, improved communication and decreases in costs and wastes. Goals of JIT: Finding customer needs and responding to it: Production is tuned according to the customer demands. Cost effective quality standards: quality should and must be the topmost priority, but it should be cost effective. Work for a minimum wastes: Elimination of wastes which are of no use for the production. Trust development in relationships with the suppliers: Supplier relationship is of utmost importance specially in the case of single sourcing, it is a strength of company to have strong supplier relations, both in terms of materials, inventory and deliveries on time. Plant designing for utmost efficiency and easy manufacturing: Plant design must ease the production process with least labour involvement. It must ensure to use the full plant potential. Striving hard for improvements on a continual basis: This makes organization competitive and committed to the needs of the costumers, as customer demands are always volatile. (Ref.Just in Time Manufacturing, T.C.E Cheng and S Podolsky; Curtin University of Technology, Australia; Institute for Manufacturing University of Cambridge) Changes and Quality development at H-D: H-D shifted from PUSH (anticipating demand) to PULL (responding to orders). Set up times were reduced drastically, it made smaller life-size feasible.H-D moved towards Just in Time manufacturing and Supply Chain Management. It invested in group problem solving program, like Quality Circle and made a policy to respond to any of the problem issues within two weeks. Employee involvement at H-D made them even more commited.An Example: To me every transmission and engine bolted is going to my motorcycle, Doug Tearney, Final Inspector Harley-Davidson. Supplier Selection and Development: Supplier Selection: JIT emphasis on single sourcing.Single Sourcing is a sourcing strategy in which the company buying is dependant on a single company for almost all of the particular item or service. Suggestive qualitative aspects used for supplier evaluation: Design, development and process capacity. How capable the management is? Financial know-hows and structure of cost. Environmental Regulation Compliance. Longer-Term Relationship Potential. (Ref. Introduction to Operations and Supply Chain Management, Cecil C. Bozarth and Robert B. Handfield) Supplier development: Supplier development can be defined as any activity that a buyer undertakes to improve suppliers performance and/or capabilities to meet the buyers short-term, long-term supply needs. Or in other words, Supplier development can be loosely defined as the process of working collaboratively with suppliers to improve or expand their capabilities. (Ref. http://www.nist.gov/mep/manufacturers/supplier-development.cfm) A supplier development program must aim for improving the performance of a supplier; and helping them to get what they need to be successful in supply chain. Important functions of supplier development programs: Providing information about products, expected sales growth, etc. Suppliers need to become extensions of their customers. Training in the application of lean and quality tools. If suppliers had more information about the entire supply chain and had a true lean transformation underway, they would become more profitable and provide a better quality and lower-cost product, on-time. (Ref. http://lean-supply-chain.blogspot.com/2006/10/what-is-supplier-development.html) (Ref.Avoid the Pitfalls in Supplier Development Robert B. Handfield, Daniel R Krause, Thomas V .Scannell and Robert M. Monczka) Supplier Management at H-D: Supplier Optimization: H-D cuts its supplier base from 320 to 120 and established performance requirements. Suppliers must have MAN, JIT, Statistical Operator Control and Employee Involvement. Supplier problems and Solutions: H-D required JIT at Supplier end, but suppliers had problems with it as they deal with different types of customers. They ended up with Just in Time warehouses, which leads to quality problems. For JIT at supplier end, proper advance scheduling was given by H-D.Piston supplier KSG adapted to H-D requirements. It changed from producing to two months inventory, to producing as per the requirement. KSG did the entire process from bowing to packaging in just a space of 35ft with two-three operators, with unbelievable throughput time. Previously the same work was done with fifteen operators scattered all over the plant. Ultra Tool the metal stamping company, a supplier of H-D, had great success with MAN program. At Ultra tool for a number of operations on a part it required part movement. A cell was designed at Ultra Tool that reduces the part movement to just 10 feets.The parts were taken to a particular area in this cell and it included tooling as well. It made the process fairly quick. Commonality of purpose: Harley improved the processes at Ultra Tool; in return it had no price rise from this supplier for 3-4 years.(an example of mutual benefit to Customer and Supplier). Risks, cost and benefits of Supplier Development: Supplier development involves the cost which is incurred by the Customer company and no immideate returns are visible for it.This depend upon the need and the value of the product that the funds are allocated for the trainings and development of suppliers